Tuesday, October 2, 2007
E: this means that the Protestants and Catholics rarely meet and get to know each other. Thus they become distrustful of each other and thus escalated the misunderstandings between the 2 religions making them common ad easily lead to various types of conflicts.
Children from both religions have nothing in common since young and rarely get to interact. In addition to the influence from their parents, generations of children grow up feeling towards each other ad easily get into fights due to misunderstanding and hostile feelings causing conflict.
Cause-housing
D: Protestants live in public housing provided by the city councils. In some areas, more Protestants are given housing despite larger catholic population.
E: many Catholics families in need of housing wait a long time to get their homes. As there public housing is partly paid by the government, they are cheaper to afford. This meant that the Catholics had to pay higher prices for a place to live and many felt that this was very unfair to them. Many Catholics had to stay homeless while they wait for their houses whereas the protestants get the comfort of having houses first. This made the Catholics very upset and thus resulted in conflict as they fought for fairness and to get a basic necessity such as housing.
Causes-voting rights
D:before 1968, each household was entitled to 2 votes while companies were entitles to more votes depending on the size of the company. Many companies were owned by richer Protestants and thus had more votes.
E: this causes a conflict as this meant that the Protestants had more power just because they are richer. with more voting rights, the protestants can then have a say over many policies and matter with regards to the country and they could make all these policies to their advantage. This is very unfair in the eyes of the Catholics and thus to fight for their rights, they organized a peaceful civil march which eventually led to conflicts and violence.
Causes - competition for jobs
D:another factor that led to conflicts s the competition for jobs. The Catholics believe that they do not enjoy equal opportunities although they may be just as academically qualified as the Protestants. In a 1971 population survey. Catholics males were 2 and a half times more likely to be jobless than the protestant males. Also, a number of Catholics engineers and civil servants were not proportionate to their numbers in the country and there are fewer Catholics in the seniors position in public and private sectors.
E: the Catholics felt unjustly treated and this stirred up feelings of unhappiness and hostility. Their lack of employment opportunities also mean that they are less able to afford he things they wanted. Thus in order to fight for their rights and fair treatment, conflicts occurred between the two religions.
Social segregation, loss of lives and destruction of properties is the most severe consequence of the conflict in Northern Ireland. Do u agree EYA?
S.C - social segregation, loss of lives and destruction of properties
D: [how did the conflict lead to the consequence wad happen]
Catholics and protestants have growth up in an atmosphere of tension and violence. Moreover, they have been segregated socially.
In 1972, the Catholics went on a peaceful march to what for equal rights and protest against unfair treatment of the Catholics. However a supposedly peaceful civil right march was shot by the British solders. 13 civilians were shot dead and many more were wounded. After 1972, the country saw more violence between Protestants and Catholics, Catholics homes were constantly petrol bombed by P mobs in the middle of the night, forcing families to flee. When the Catholics left, their houses were looted by the mobs. Business and pubs which belong to the Catholics were also burnt and bombed. The British army often raid C homes, using force and damaging property. The Catholics then turned to the IRA for help and between 1969-1993, more than 3k people were killed in the Protestants Catholics conflict in the country with IRA responsible for the 2/3 of the deaths.
E:[why is it so serious]
this segregation further deepens the conflict between the protestants and Catholics as both groups of people did not have the chance to interact and understand each other,, thus hostility and tension worsen causing the conflict to worsen.
This showed that the conflict between the Protestants and Catholics had lead to intervention for of powerful groups like the British army and the IRA which causes more deaths. Generations of hostility and prejudice is passed down thru family and educational system, made worse when they themselves witness the ruthless killings by the paramilitary groups and the IRA. No one feels safe living in the country anymore and there will be even more prejudice and violence if nothing if done to stop the killings. People will take things into their own hand if they see that as the only way out.
Economic consequences - declining economy
D: the violence has discouraged business investments. Foreign-own factories closed down as the violence increases operating costs and security costs. There was spiraling inflation and industrial recession in Ireland. During the 1980s unemployment ran high in the republic - an average of 16.4% between 1983 to 1988. Great famines over the least two centuries led to emigration of about 4million Irish people, especially to the US.
Headlines which tell of tourists mugged at theaters in Ireland by heroine addicts ad police pelted with stones in the housing projects of Dublin and Galway, thus discouraging other tourists.
Daily costs of maintaining the British army and providing compensation for the victims of the conflicts was L500, 000 put a strain on the British economy.
E: His inter-group violence has affected the country's economy. As a result many were unemployed. This clearly shoes how important economic consequences were as a result of the conflict between the Protestants and the Catholics. Also many Irish migrated to the US because of great famines. This is indeed serious as the country is losing people who are the country's precious human resources to another country. Without these people who might have the skills and talent required in the country, a country cannot develop and even is here are jobs out there, there would be enough takers.
This is another serious economic consequence as a result of the Protestants - catholic conflict. No one will feel safe traveling to a country which is always fighting among them thus the country will lose tourism dollars, tourism industries will be affected as the livelihood which is dependent on the tourism industry will b threatened.
this put a strain on the economy of the British economy as this money could be used for better uses such as the development of the country
political consequences - foreign intervention, political reform
D: in response to the growing demand of the protestants politicians and in order to confront the escalating violence, London sent several hundred military reinforcements to Ulster.
Civil rights marches put pressure on Northern Ireland government to pass anti-discrimination measures in Northern Ireland. Further civil rights demonstrations and pressure from Britain also caused sweeping reforms of the local government
after bloody Sunday; Northern Ireland government was suspended in March 1972. This meant that laws and decisions governing Northern Ireland were to be made in London.
An agreement was reached to introduce power sharing between the Catholics a Protestants in 973. However the agreement was removed through a Protestants worker's strike in 1974. Another agreement was reached to reintroduce power sharing but has not been fully implemented as the different political parties refused to share power.
E: this is indeed also another severe consequence if Northern Ireland needs another country like UK to send troops in to resolve the conflict among its people. This will provide an excuse for England to interfere in the internal affairs of Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland will also find it hard to turn down any request London may have in the future as a result of their help.
This shows that political reform may lead to political instability as the agreements were constantly changing as shown by the example of the power-sharing agreement. This political instability may lead to instability to the citizen’s lives.
Hatred, hostility and distrust are the most sever consequences of the conflict in Sri Lanka. Does u agree? EYA
social consequence - hatred, hostility and distrust
D: children grow up with strong racial and religious prejudices
E: difficult to achieve peaceful solutions. Came to the extent that LTTE was formed to fight for what the Tamils wanted. Many young people are brainwashed by the LTTE o join the group to fight for what they think they deserve or to take revenge as they may have bad experiences with the Sinhalese since young. This resulted from the hatred, hostility and distrust and eventually led to many more deaths with the set up of the LTTE
social consequence - Tamils driven out of their homeland
D: conflict has cause large-scale displacement beyond its borders. in the 1983 riots, thousands of Tamils fled to Tamil Nadu in south India, today it is estimated that 65k Sri Lankan still remain as refugees in India.
HSZ were set up by the Sri Lankan army. The army occupied large parts of the Tamil dominated areas. Many Tamils had to flee from their homes when the Sri Lankan army had to take on the LTTE. Many Tamils are still living in overcrowded conditions in refugee camps
E: Tamils led hard lives as refugees in India and lost their homeland. this displacement made the Tamils lost their freedom in their country and lived in panic-stricken and dangerous environment
economic consequence - loss of foreign investment
D: instability caused by the violence led to a fall in for foreign confidence and investment from US$66 million in 1982 o US $22millon in 1986.
E: within a short period of 4years, foreign investment fell by US44 million. This is a huge sum of money and without this foreign investment, there was less revenue and the economy becomes stagnant. This eventually affected to the citizens livelihood as many may get retrenched and go out of jobs. The country such as provide adequate housing, medical facilities, education etc such that the citizens have a good quality of life
economic consequence - massive unemployment
D: the conflict had led to massive unemployment due to the violence caused by the numerous riots. Workplaces are destroyed and foreign investors relocate. Tourism sector crashed. All of these resulted in unemployment ass there were less demand for labor and jobs available for Sri Lankan
E: unemployment meant that the Sri Lankan have no source of income and this is a serious consequences as this will directly affect their survival as no money means no food. Poverty would set in and crime rate would increase. Looting and vandalizing are common and it is no longer safe in Sri Lanka.
Social insecurity would thus set in
high unemployment rates also mean that there is a higher burden on the government feed the nation. With lesser revenue though taxation and lesser industries to contribute to the economy, the country may face an economy downturn and may even be in debts. The government would thus have no money to develop the country and this means that the entire economy would be stagnant.
Economic consequence - loss in tourism earnings.
D: violence and fear of being kidnapped. Mugged etc
with this conflict, infrastructure, artifacts, historical building and places of interest may be destroyed
E: tourism is one of Sri Lanka’s main income earner. Without income, Sri Lanka has fewer funds to develop basic infrastructure artifacts, historical buildings and places of interests.
Political cons - foreign intervention.
D: in 1983, India acted as the mediator but it failed as the two parties could not come to an agreement. But in 1987, India interfered directly by sending ships to Jaffna laden with food and supplies for the Tamils. The Indian air force violated Sri Lankan airspace by dropping supplies to Jaffna. Finally, in 1990 the Indian peacekeeping forces withdrew after fighting with the Tamil tigers since 1987.
E: foreign intervention was a serious consequence because when the country in conflict refused to accept the help of the intervening powers, more violence could result as in the case of the Indian peacekeeping troops and the Tamil tigers leading to more deaths and worsening the conflict.
Moreover, ties between 2 countries will become more strained when the locals in the country of conflict viewed the intervening country as intrusive. There is also always a possibility of the intervening country taking over the country in conflict and whatever decisions they make for the country may not always be for the best interest of the country.
Political consequences - violence and armed conflict
D: armed conflict which exists till today is causes by the Tamils who have tried several ways to voice their unhappiness but were unheeded. At first, they made peaceful demands. At first they demanded that the Tamils areas are recognize as a federation within the country. However, they were rejected. Then they asked for a separate state in 1976. Rejected, a militant group, the liberation of Tamil eelam, LTTE resorted to violence and become terrorists. They started attacking Tamils who did not support their cause as well as the Sinhalese. These anti-Tamil riots led by the Sinhalese community and army killed many lives people and destroyed many properties. As more people are hurt and killed, hostility, hatred and distrust grew between the 2 races.
E: as conflict continues, it becomes difficult to change this mindset of hatred and bitterness and thus this was a very serious conflict as it meant that conflict will never be resolved as people are unwilling to forgive each other as they still remember the lives lost due to the conflict. Such prejudices made it difficult to achieve peaceful solutions.
This unrest also led to a fall in tourist arrivals as no one would put their lives at risk by visiting Sri Lanka. This means that tourism earnings will fall adversely affecting the economy and the livelihood of the people who is earning the tourist dollar.
Foreign investors would also lose faith in the country as the relocate their industries in other countries. This armed conflict has caused many factories to be destroyed and production to be disrupted. Thus this exodus of foreign investment may Ed to a fall in revenue contributed by foreign companies and causes unemployment as these companies close down. This will then affect the livelihood of the people.
The most serious consequence of the armed conflict is the social insecurity it has brought to the people living in Sri Lanka. many people live in constant fear of being killed or harmed and this is very unhealthy as a nation as the nation will not be a place where people want to live in. this led many people fleeing from Sri Lanka and the country will in turn become very weak
How far did citizenship rights contribute to the conflict in Sri Lanka? eya.
causes-citizenship rights
D: citizenship rights were granted to only those who were either born in Sri Lanka or those fathers and grandfathers were also born there. also a result, many Indian Tamils who were brought from India or Sri Lanka by the British to work on tea plantations found themselves to be stateless.
later the Sri Lankan government agreed to allow a certain number of Tamils to return to India and the others were to be granted Sri Lankan citizenship. however, this was not carried out in full by Sri Lanka.
E: though they had lived for many years in Sri Lanka, they were denied basic rights such as voting. this naturally caused tension between the two diff ethnic groups as the Indians felt that they have a right to be citizens of Sri Lanka as they do. it caused much unhappiness as even though they have been working hard and contributing to the country's economy, they were treated and deemed as part of the country. thus this unhappiness and injustice eventually sparked off conflict.
cause -university admission
D: before 1970, entrance to universities was based on merit and examinations which were held in English. how ever because almost equal numbers of Tamils and Sinhalese students were admitted in the more respected medical and engineering courses, this led to unhappiness in the Sinhalese as the numbers proportionate to their numbers in the country. changes were made in the education policies in 1970 where the Tamil students had to score higher marks than the Sinhalese to enter the same courses. there other schemes which made admission more difficult for the Tamil youths
E: as a result, the percentage of Tamil students who were admitted to the medical faulty and the engineering courses were drastically reduced. this is against meritocracy as the criteria were against the Tamils, making it very difficult for the Tamils to have tertiary education. naturally, the Tamils felt that this was unfair to them. this sparked out unhappiness as lesser Tamils could get into better courses and eventually secured better jobs, depriving them of equal opportunities in life. thus in order to show their unhappiness and fight for equal rights, the Tamils resorted to various means which led to manifestation of the conflict.
causes - language and government jobs
D: before independence in 1948, English educated Tamils enjoy seniority in government positions and Sinhalese were at a disadvantage because they could not read or write English well. however in 19556 the official language act made sinhala the only language of administration. thus means that Tamils in the government service were given to learn sinhala or be dismissed
in 1957tmail was made the language of a national minority and allowed a language of administration in Tamil populated areas.
E: these policies upset many Tamils as it means that they could lose their livelihood and their source of living. this policy work against their advantage. this was a factor that led to conflict the Tamils organized a peaceful demonstration which turned violent and led to many deaths
this led to another conflict as Sinhalese were unhappy about the policy, they protested and fighting broke out when the agreement was withdrawn. both Sinhalese and Tamils were unhappy when their own language was not widely accepted used by the state and this had caused fighting and conflict to continue.
cause - resettlement of Sinhalese to Tamil populate regions
D: poor Sinhalese peasants, Buddhist monks and Sri Lanka army occupy the homeland of the Tamils
E: created unhappiness and resentment among the Tamils as their homeland is invaded by the Sinhalese. this policy was seen unfair as the government only took care of the Sinhalese and it was done at the expense of the Tamils. thus leading to conflict
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